Formal Verification Shapes Ethereum’s Security Proofs Upfront

Ethereum researchers adopt formal verification: writing code in Lean or low-level languages with machine-checkable math proofs. Proofs verify program correctness, like Signal's X3DH passive secrecy theorem tied to DDH assumption. This shifts trust from reviewing entire code to checking proven statements. Limits: defining "secure" correctly, proving the right claims, and hidden assumptions remain challenges.