Lattice-Based Signature Schemes Threaten Ethereum's Ability to Scale

Researchers prepared a report for Ethereum Foundation in February 2026 (v1.1). The brief corrects the confusion between ML-KEM and transaction signing, recommending lattice-based signature schemes like ML-DSA (NIST Level III) due to its ~50× larger signatures, which causes cascading problems, including block propagation delays and L2 blob costs increases by 98%.